PowerSwitch

stevecook172001 wrote:What I still don't understand is why nuclear waste can't be used to generate power and, when that is spent, used again until all that is left is a small amount of very highly radiative and very hot material....

Why bury nuclear waste, when it could meet the world’s energy needs?

By George Monbiot. Published in the Guardian 6th December 2011

It’s a devastating admission to have to make, especially during the climate talks in Durban. But there would be no point in writing this column if I were not prepared to confront harsh truths. This year the environmental movement to which I belong has done more harm to the planet’s living systems than climate change deniers have ever achieved.

As a result of shutting down its nuclear programme in response to green demands, Germany will produce an extra 300 million tonnes of carbon dioxide between now and 2020(1). That’s almost as much as all the European savings resulting from the energy efficiency directive(2). Other countries are now heading the same way. These decisions are the result of an almost mediaevel misrepresentation of science and technology. For while the greens are right about most things, our views on nuclear power have been shaped by weapons-grade woo.

A fortnight ago, the Guardian examined the work of a Dr Chris Busby(3,4). We found that he has been promoting anti-radiation pills and tests to the people of Japan, which scientists have described as useless and baseless. We also revealed that people were being asked to send donations, ostensibly to help the children of Fukushima, to Busby’s business account in Aberystwyth. We found that scientists at the NHS had examined his claims to have detected a leukaemia cluster in north Wales and discovered that they arose from a series of shocking statistical mistakes. Worse still, the scientists say, “the dataset has been systematically trawled”: they’re accusing him of picking the data that suits his case(5). Yet Busby, until our report was published, advised the Green party on radiation. His “findings” are widely used by anti-nuclear activists.

Last week in the New York Times, the anti-nuclear campaigner Helen Caldicott repeated a claim which has already been comprehensively discredited: that “close to 1 million people have died of causes linked to the Chernobyl disaster”(6). The “study” on which it is based added up the excess deaths from a vast range of conditions, many of which have no known connection to radiation, in the countries affected by Chernobyl – and attributed them to the accident(7,8,8a). Among these conditions was cirrhosis of the liver. Could it have any other possible cause in eastern Europe? Earlier this year, when I asked Caldicott to provide scientific sources for the main claims she was making, she was unable to do so(9,10). None of this has stopped her from repeating them, or has prevented greens from spreading them.

Anti-nuclear campaigners have generated as much mumbo-jumbo as creationists, anti-vaccine scaremongers, homeopaths and climate change deniers. In all cases, the scientific process has been thrown into reverse: people have begun with their conclusions, then frantically sought evidence to support them.

The temptation, when a great mistake has been made, is to seek ever more desperate excuses to sustain the mistake, rather than admit the terrible consequences of what you have done. But now, in the UK at least, we have an opportunity to make amends. Our movement can abandon this drivel with a clear conscience, for the technology I am about to describe ticks all the green boxes: reduce, reuse, recycle.

Let me begin with the context. Like other countries suffering from the idiotic short-termism of the early nuclear power industry, the UK faces a massive bill for the storage and disposal of radioactive waste. The same goes for the waste produced by nuclear weapons manufacturing. But is this really waste, or could we see it another way?

In his book Prescription for the Planet, the environmentalist Tom Blees explains the remarkable potential of integral fast reactors (IFRs)(11). These are nuclear power stations which can run on what old nuclear plants have left behind. Conventional nuclear power uses just 0.6% of the energy contained in the uranium that fuels it. Integral fast reactors can use almost all the rest. There is already enough nuclear waste on earth to meet the world’s energy needs for several hundred years, with scarcely any carbon emissions. IFRs need be loaded with fissile material just once. From then on they can keep recycling it, extracting ever more of its energy, until a small fraction of the waste remains. Its components have half-lives of tens rather than millions of years. This makes them more dangerous, but much easier to manage in the long term. When the hot waste has been used up, the IFRs can be loaded with depleted uranium (U-238), of which the world has a massive stockpile(12).

The material being reprocessed never leaves the site: it remains within a sealed and remotely-operated recycling plant. Anyone trying to remove it would quickly die. By ensuring the fissile products are unusable, the IFR process reduces the risk of weapons proliferation. The plant operates at scarcely more than atmospheric pressure, so it can’t blow its top. Better still, it could melt down only by breaking the laws of physics. If the fuel pins begin to overheat, their expansion stops the fission reaction. If, like the Fukushima plant, an IFR loses its power supply, it simply shuts down, without human agency. Running on waste, with fewer pumps and valves than conventional plants, they are also likely to be a good deal cheaper(13).

So there’s just one remaining question: where are they? In 1994 the Democrats in the US Congress, led by John Kerry, making assertions as misleading as the Swift Boat campaign that was later deployed against him(14), shut down the research programme at Argonne National Laboratories that had been running successfully for 30 years. Even Hazel O’Leary, the former fossil fuel lobbyist charged by the Clinton administration with killing it, admitted that “no further testing” is required to prove its feasibility(15).

But there’s a better demonstration that it’s good to go: last week GE Hitachi (GEH) told the British government that it could build a fast reactor within five years to use up the waste plutonium at Sellafield, and if it doesn’t work, the UK won’t have to pay(16). A fast reactor has been running in Russia for 30 years(17) and similar plants are now being built in China and India(18,19). GEH’s proposed PRISM reactor uses the same generating technology as the IFR, though the current proposal doesn’t include the full reprocessing plant. It should.

If the government does not accept GEH’s offer, it will, as the energy department revealed on Thursday, handle the waste through mixed oxide processing (mox) instead(20). This will produce a fuel hardly anyone wants, while generating more waste plutonium than we possess already. It will raise the total energy the industry harvests from 0.6% to 0.8%(21).

So we environmentalists have a choice. We can’t wish the waste away. Either it is stored and then buried. Or it is turned into mox fuels. Or it is used to power IFRs. The decision is being made at the moment, and we should determine where we stand. I suggest we take the radical step of using science, not superstition, as our guide.

www.monbiot.com

stevecook172001 wrote:What I still don't understand... On the one hand, very long lived/low radioactivity material is relatively safe because, although it hangs around for ages, it is not sufficiently radioactive to worry about...

biffvernon wrote:

stevecook172001 wrote:What I still don't understand... On the one hand, very long lived/low radioactivity material is relatively safe because, although it hangs around for ages, it is not sufficiently radioactive to worry about...

Oh if only it were so simple. But it isn't.

biffvernon wrote:Calm down

I don't have time or energy to write a long essay about it and anyway it's all been written before better than I could, but for instance, take plutonium, which has a long half-life and is very unsafe to have around humans in any quantity at all. Not at all a case of "very long lived/low radioactivity material is relatively safe".

stevecook172001 wrote:So, why the hell are they trying to bury such a dangerous material when they could complete get rid of it via fast breeding and get energy out of the process into the bargain?

I think the answer to that question is influential idiots in our culture who are so irrationally against all things nuclear, that our governments dare not introduce such fast breeder technology and so would rather bury the problem, literally.

stevecook172001 wrote:In fact as I read up more on this topic, there already exists fast breeder technology that can completely consume all plutonium waste to nothing. In other words, by the end of the process, there is no waste left.

Such fast breeder power plants could, conceivably be used to consume the UK's entire current plutonium waste deposits in as little as 30 years.

clv101 wrote:

stevecook172001 wrote:In fact as I read up more on this topic, there already exists fast breeder technology that can completely consume all plutonium waste to nothing. In other words, by the end of the process, there is no waste left.

Such fast breeder power plants could, conceivably be used to consume the UK's entire current plutonium waste deposits in as little as 30 years.

Yes indeed, fast reactors are an answer to long lived nuclear waste. The only problem is that they are significantly more complex than thermal reactors - the same type that we're just now figuring our are too expensive to build. In some ways it's sad that we ended up with the reactors we have now and not fast reactors - but from where we are now, fast reactors should be classified in the techno-fantasy bin.

Here's a presentation on 4th Generation nuclear power from our conference last month: http://glocast.com/webcasts/global_ener ... insby.html

clv101 wrote:

stevecook172001 wrote:In fact as I read up more on this topic, there already exists fast breeder technology that can completely consume all plutonium waste to nothing. In other words, by the end of the process, there is no waste left.

Such fast breeder power plants could, conceivably be used to consume the UK's entire current plutonium waste deposits in as little as 30 years.

Yes indeed, fast reactors are an answer to long lived nuclear waste. The only problem is that they are significantly more complex than thermal reactors - the same type that we're just now figuring our are too expensive to build. In some ways it's sad that we ended up with the reactors we have now and not fast reactors - but from where we are now, fast reactors should be classified in the techno-fantasy bin.

Here's a presentation on 4th Generation nuclear power from our conference last month: http://glocast.com/webcasts/global_ener ... insby.html